Mountain permafrost landscape changes assessment by archive Landsat data using the principal component analysis

Detection of landscape changes based on multitemporal, multispectral and multisensor satellite imagery with the accumulation of a vast array of archival data and numerous methodological developments is becoming a major tool for spatial planning and assessments of geosystem resilience. The dynamics and evolution of mountain permafrost landscapes in the Arctic and boreal regions are of interest in the context of climate regime change as a consequence of global warming. Large multi-temporal satellite data sets covering a 30-year period are often used to study the structural and chorological processes of landscape change. As numerous publications show, selecting a suitable method of change detection remains a challenge, especially in complex mountainous areas with pronounced functional changes in landscapes. In this paper, we demonstrate a methodology for modelling the dynamics of mountain permafrost landscapes on the eastern slope of the Orulgan Ridge (NorthEastern Siberia). Principal component analysis was used to improve information on changes from summarized multispectral multitemporal data. The results showed that between 1999 and 2021, the mountain permafrost landscapes underwent signifi cant changes associated with the processes of boreal forest boundary shifts and “greening” of the tundra.

1. Karagulle, D. Modeling global Hammond landform regions from 250-m elevation data. / D. Karagulle, C. Frye, R. Sayre, S. Breyer, P. Aniello, R. Vaughan, D. Wright // Transactions in GIS – 2017. – 21. – P.1040-1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12265

2. Fedorov A.N. Permafrost landscapes of Yakutia: identifi cation technique and mapping issues / A.N. Fedorov. – Yakutsk, 1991. – 140 p.

3. Fedorov A.N. Evolution and dynamics of permafrost landscapes: dis. … dr geogr. Sciences: 25.00.08 / Fedorov Alexander Nikolaevich. – Yakutsk, 2020. – 38 p.

4. Armand A.D. Self-organization and self-regulation of geographic systems / A.D. Armand. – M.: Nauka, 1988. – 264 p.

5. Sochava V.B. Introduction to the doctrine of geosystems / V.B. Sochava. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1978. – 318 p.

6. Zakharov, M.I. Analysis of the landscape structure of the eastern slope of the Orulgan ridge / M.I. Zakharov, Yu.G. Danilov, S. Gadal [et al.] // Successes of modern natural sciences. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 49-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.17513/use.37791

7. Zakharov, M.I. Permafrost landscapes of the eastern slope of the Orulgan ridge (on the example of the key area of Lake Bulgunnyakhtakh / M.I. Zakharov, Yu.G. Danilov, S. Gadal [et al.] // International Scientifi c Research Journal. – 2022. – No. 3 hours. 2. – pp. 68-72 https://dx.doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2022.117.3.050

8. Jorgenson, M.T. Remote Sensing of Landscape Change in Permafrost Regions. / M.T. Jorgenson, G. Grosse. // Permafrost and Periglacial Process. – 2016 – 27: – P. 324-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1914

9. Jolliff e, I.T. Principal Components Analysis / I. T. Jolliffe // 2nd ed. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. – 2002 – 488 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/b98835

10. Deng, J.S. PCA-based land-use change detection and analysis using multitemporal and multisensor satellite data / J.S. Deng, K. Wang, Y.H. Deng, G.J. Qi // International Journal of Remote Sensing. – 2008. – 29:16. – P. 4823-4838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160801950162

11. Epstein, H. Tundra Greenness / H. Epstein, U. Bhatt, M. Raynolds, D. Walker, B.C. Forbes, T. Horstkotte, [et. al.] // Arctic Report Card. – 2018.