The article provides data on the geochemical properties of the fields officially recognized as medicinal crude oils in Croatia and Naftalan, Azerbaijan. Studies of hydrocarbon, biomarker and microelement compositions were carried out using the following methods: chromatography-mass spectrometry, mass spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma, and the combined thermal analysis. Determination of the potential fractional composition of oil was carried out using a synchronous thermal analyzer and showed that medicinal Naftalan and Croatian medicinal crude oil have a similar fractional composition. The hydrocarbon composition and biomarkers analyses – determination of steranes, hopanes and adamantanes in the studied oils – was accomplished on a Clarus 680 Perkin-Elmer chromatography-mass spectrometer. It was defined that the medicinal and fuel oils of Naftalan differ significantly in hydrocarbon composition, while compared with the Croatian medicinal crude oil, the medicinal Naftalan oil is almost identical in hydrocarbon composition and biomarker-geochemical parameters. Using the ICP method, microelement data on the composition of the Croatian medicinal crude oil and the medicinal Naftalan oil was obtained; both of studied oils are of the ferruginous type. The Naftalan medicinal oil quantitatively exceeds the Croatian medicinal crude oil in terms of microelement content. Despite the difference in the genesis and geological structure of the medicinal oil fields in Croatia and Naftalan, Azerbaijan, the study of their hydrocarbon, biomarker and microelement compositions showed undoubted similarity. It can be suggested that the organic matter (OM) involved in the formation of the oils have almost the same origin.

The Gross mining and processing plant under reconstruction is located in southwestern Yakutia, within a territory classified as earthquake-prone. According to the OSR 2015 map with indices A, B, C, the seismicity of the construction area is 9, 9 and 10 points MSK-64 scale, respectively.

Despite significant research experience in clarifying the general seismic zoning, the issues of interpreting the source materials, as well as the results obtained, may be ambiguous. In confirmation of this, it can be noted that over the past 25 years four generations of general seismic zoning maps (OSR 97, OSR 2012, OSR 2015, OSR 2016) followed one another.

The relevance of research is determined not only by the seismic safety of construction projects, but also by their economic component. Thus, 1-point seismic hazard increase entails 13% to 20% construction cost increase.

The aim of the research is to specify the level of baseline seismicity for survey areas using the methodology of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis with respect to the regional seismotectonic conditions of the Gross mining and processing plant construction area.

As a result of the analysis of materials from geodynamic active neotectonic zones, the presence of active structures capable of generating earthquakes with magnitudes М = 6.5 – 7.0 was established.

A probabilistic assessment of the parameters of seismic impacts was carried out: macroseismic intensity (in MSK-64 points), peak accelerations and response spectra, for the case of earthquakes of the maximum possible magnitude Mmax, at the minimum possible distance R from the study area of ​​the projected construction of objects, was carried out using the EAST-2016 software.

The specified level of seismic hazard for return periods of 500, 1000 and 5000 years are I = 8, I = 8.3 and 9.1 points MSK-64 scale, respectively.

The redistribution of solar radiation in the geographical envelope plays an important climate-forming role. The radiation reflected by the Earth's surface (albedo) is a component of the Earth's radiation balance. The albedo of the Earth's surface depends primarily on the angle of incidence of sunlight, the color of the underlying surface, and its roughness relative to the incident rays. It also depends on the degree of specularity, so the water surface reflects the rays falling on it almost mirror-like, almost regardless of the presence of ripples or waves on it. The article examines the dependence of albedo, the surface of the soil not covered with vegetation, on these factors. Taking into account the known regression dependence of the albedo of the earth's soil surface on the roughness index or the standard deviation of the height of the measured points on the Earth's surface, the problem of achieving maximum information content of the measurements of the roughness of the Earth's surface is formulated and solved, and the optimal dependence of the zenith angle of the Sun on the time interval between two consecutive time points of roughness measurements is revealed. The influence of the zenith angle of the Sun on the conducted albedometric measurements is investigated. Based on the well-known fact that the albedo of the Earth's surface in the range of the zenith angle of the Sun θ = 10° - 60° increases almost linearly depending on it. The values of the zenith angle of the Sun obtained in this way are called the most informative zenith angles in the sense of ensuring maximum informative measurement of the earth's surface, and the albedo values corresponding to these zenith angles are the optimal albedo values at which optimal (maximally informative) roughness measurements can be carried out in the zenith angle range of 10° - 60°.

Climate change affects the characteristics of vegetation productivity. For the north of Russia and west Siberia, an increase in productivity and NDVI index was noted due to an increase in temperature. For Kazakhstan and southeast Russia, the opposite effect is observed: an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the NDVI value. The Bashkir State Nature Reserve (BSNR) is located in the transition zone and is a background area devoid of anthropogenic impact. To obtain a complete picture of the entire for territory of the reserve, methods of analyzing Earth remote sensing data were used. Using data from the MODIS sensor, adjusted according to data from the Ufa weather station, maps of the distribution of night and daytime temperatures were built. The average NDVI values were also determined. A significant influence of daytime temperatures on the NDVI index was revealed: r = 0.87, R² = 0.75.

To assess the territorial distribution of temperature and NDVI relationships in the SAGA GIS program using the Regression: Multiply Regression Analysis (Grid and Predictor Grids) tool, a map of the spatial distribution of the coefficient of determination (R²) for the territory of the BPPZ was built.

An analysis of the territorial distribution of the temperature effect on NDVI showed that the stands of the Urmantau ridge demonstrate the greatest correlations (R² = 0.82), while the settled sections of the Southern Kraka ridge show weaker links with temperature (R² = 0.62). Thus, there is a greater resistance of the steppe communities of the BSNR to temperature increases than pine-birch stands. Thus, the vegetation of the BSNR demonstrates a transitional state between the conditions of Kazakhstan and the more northern territories of Russia, in which the vegetation of forests of the reserve is more oppressed by rising temperatures than the vegetation of the steppes.

The article provides an assessment of the stability of permafrost landscapes by two criteria: temperature and ice content of ground. The methods of assessing the stability of landscapes are presented: the Parmuzin scale, developed by him during the zoning of the north of Western Siberia by the potential possibility of thermokarst development and the Grave principle, on the basis of which a map scheme of the Yakut ASSR was previously compiled by the degree of surface sensitivity to technogenic impacts. Using the two presented methods of Parmuzin and Grave, based on the Permafrost-landscape map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on a scale of 1: 1,500,000, as well as maps of ground temperature of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at the depth of the layer of annual fluctuations and ice content of surface deposits, landscape stability maps were compiled, the territory of Yakutia was divided into zones according to the degree of resistance to technogenic impacts. On the map compiled according to the Parmuzin method, landscapes according to the degree of resistance to technogenic impacts are differentiated into four gradations: unstable, relatively unstable, relatively stable and stable. Thus, according to this method, unstable landscapes occupy the smallest area of ​​the study territory and are distributed mainly in the region with insular and discontinuous distribution of permafrost. Landscapes of the Central Yakut Plain, Prilenskoye Plateau and other lowlands with continuous permafrost distribution are characterized as relatively unstable. Relatively stable landscapes occupy the predominant part of Yakutia. Landscapes of mountainous regions are characterized as stable. According to the Grave method, landscapes on the map are divided into three gradations: relatively unstable, relatively stable and stable. According to the above-mentioned method, the territory of Central Yakutia, located in the area of ​​highly icy soils and coastal arctic zones, is characterized as relatively unstable. The rest of the territory is assessed as relatively stable and stable.

The article considers the distribution of unique lakes in the territory of Yakutia. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is one of the most lake regions in Russia. Since 1978, the Laboratory of Lake Science of the Yakut State University, later North-Eastern Federal University, has been engaged in scientific research of the lakes of Yakutia for many years under the scientific supervision of the famous geographer-limnologist, Ph.D., Professor I.I. Zhirkov, which is known among lake scientists of Russia and the world as the Yakut school of Limnology. As a result, a landscape-limnogenetic classification of lakes by types of basin origin was compiled, hydrological and morphometric parameters were identified, lake resources were determined, including "unique lakes" [1]. Unique lakes are a group of specially protected lakes that represent great economic, social and aesthetic value for current and future generations. The list of 26 unique lakes was determined by Decree of the President of the RS (Ya) dated 08/16/2004 No. 836 [2].

The unique lakes of Yakutia are mainly considered in the ecological aspect as specially protected natural objects. The relevance of this article lies in the geographical approach to identify the uniqueness, natural features of the unique lakes of Yakutia. A comprehensive geographical description provides a general physical and geographical characteristic of each unique lake, depending on its geographical location, natural features, accessibility, natural and economic significance for the economy, population, conservation status, etc.

The landscape approach to the spatial analysis of the distribution of lakes was reflected in the consideration of the distribution of unique lakes across the physico-geographical provinces of Yakutia.

To date, no one will be surprised by 3D technologies, for users, monitor screens with visualization in the form of three-dimensional 3D images have become common and familiar. There are many ways to add volume to still and moving images. Accordingly, technologies for creating three-dimensional graphics are extremely diverse in nature, allowing you to model virtual objects and create images based on them. At the same time, various visualization systems of numerous three-dimensional (3D) models (including digital terrain models (DEM)) using stereo effect are the most effective and characterized by the maximum degree of clarity. This determines the purpose of this work – to study and analyze the possibilities and features of creating anaglyphic relief maps using free software for geographic information systems with open object code. Three-dimensional geo-images of the relief were created by implementing the anaglyphic method on the example of the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. The relevance of the presented research is determined primarily by the fact that the active and widespread introduction of various variants of 3D geo-images into our daily life and the practice of scientific research simultaneously reveals the presence of a number of problems related in one way or another to technologies and means of obtaining and perceiving them. The theoretical aspects and modern methods of creating anaglyphic relief images using various GIS products were studied, their disadvantages and advantages were revealed. The results of the work confirm the possibility and accessibility of using the GIS functionality with open object code to create anaglyphic geo-images. Using the functionality of the open GIS SAGA and QGIS, a series of relief anaglyph maps for the territory of the Republic of Mordovia was obtained. The results of the research performed, the data obtained and the author's materials created confirm the need and identify possible ways to improve the overall technological scheme for creating anaglyphic maps and plans. The given technological schemes for the creation of anaglyphic geo-images and the obtained materials can be used in organizing and conducting further studies of the features of the relief of the Republic of Mordovia.