The laying work at the mines is the most labor-intensive. The article describes the technology of stowing operations at the International mine at the present time. A method of reinforcing the bearing layer with mesh sections in the form of free-standing volumetric frame elements (cylinders) with a diameter of 1.4 m at the full height of the tape in a checkerboard pattern has been selected. To calculate the standard strength of the hardening fill for the bearing layer, the recommendations of VNIMI were applied. The standard strength of the fill was 1.6 and 6.4 MPa. The selected stowing mixture of grades 15 and 60. In order to optimize stowing operations at the International mine, instead of the standard wooden bulkhead, it is proposed to use the option of the stowing bulkhead, which includes fastening, spacer posts and a filtering diaphragm. The advantages of the selected jumper type and the rationale for its use are listed. A jumper diagram, a description of its design and operation are given. Below are considered two options for using the bulkhead in stowing operations at the mine: Option 1 - with fastening and spacer posts; Option 2 - a standard type of wooden posts and a metal purlin. Comparison of calculations of indicators for the strength of the lintel structure, works on laying, costs for lintel materials, for the laboriousness of the lintel erection is given in two options. The technical result consists in facilitating the installation and dismantling of the bulkhead during stowing operations, in the safety of work during its construction, facilitating transportation, as well as the possibility of repeated use, moreover, in workings of different geometric dimensions, reducing labor costs and material consumption for stowing work and increasing their efficiency.

In the middle of the twentieth century, in connection with the continuing accumulation of huge factual material, the differentiation of geological knowledge, with the study of the ocean, penetration into space and the deep bowels of the Earth, a new cognitive task arose - the synthesis of geological knowledge and the search for ways to build the general geological theory. Although, as shown in the article, there are different points of view on the possibility of creating such a theory (up to denying the possibility of its creation), most geologists and philosophers believe that such a theory may be created in the near future. The article shows that the methodological basis for the creation of such a theory is the basic principles of materialistic dialectics, such as the principle of unity (integrity), structure and development, which make it possible to identify the general laws of the development of the Earth as a whole in their dialectical unity with particular laws. It is argued that in order to create a general geological theory, it is necessary: to overcome the barriers of narrow specialization of particular geological theories that hinder an integrated approach to the study of geological processes; make the initial knowledge theoretically homogeneous, thereby creating an end-to-end system of concepts; identify key problems and facts, rebuild private knowledge, taking into account the structure of a multilateral object, that is, the Earth as a whole, which does not coincide with the structure of objects of special sciences. It is shown that the center of crystallization and creation of universal knowledge can be the main ideas of the leader among the geological sciences (tectonics) and major geological problems (in particular, the problems of the energy of geological processes). It is very important to take into account the patterns of development of other planets of the solar system, as well as the use of generalizing ideas of the systems approach and information theory.

The article describes the remote geophysical method - thermal infrared imagery reproduced from the Landsat satellite. The method of detecting permafrost and unfrozen ground by it is presented, as well as the possibilities of mapping their distribution in the discontinuous permafrost zone in the mountainous regions of South Yakutia, using the example of the Elkon Massif and the Olekma - Chara uplands. The results of correlation analysis of satellite data with field data are presented. For the first time, the indicative properties of the LST (thermal infrared radiation of the landscape surface) obtained using Landsat thermal infrared imagery for the identification and regional mapping of permafrost are characterized in more detail.

The material is regularities in the geographical distribution of the vegetation index EVI within the borders of Bryansk Oblast (the basin of the upper Dnieper, South-Western part of Russia) during the spring months in 2010-2015.We made a systematic representation of landscape-indicative properties of the index, the technology of its receipt. The factors of geographical distribution of the index known from monitoring of arable lands in different regions are described. Examples of the influence of abiotic (topography, soil) and biotic factors on the distribution of the EVI. It is shown that the influence of edaphic factors is best traced in the period from the end of snowmelt to the beginning of active vegetation. A brief description of the method of systematization of information about the distribution of EVI is given. The generalized data of meteorological observations of 2010- 2 015 are presented, the influence of their strong variability on the range of EVI values and the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of the index is shown. Features of arable lands of Bryansk Oblast as model objects of landscape interpretation of EVI are briefly described. Information is provided on the geographical differences in the distribution of EVI in the springs of 2010-2015, which are explained by the different timing of the onset of phenological seasons, surface topography (flat and convex watersheds, drainage conditions); lithological composition and humus content in the upper horizons of arable soils. Provides maps of the distribution of EVI in the time intervals corresponding to the time of the shooting. The landscape substantiation of connection of spring dynamics of EVI arable lands and complex of edaphic components of agricultural landscapes is presented; describes the nature of the relationships that underlie such differences. The necessity to use the distribution pattern of EVI in years with different climatic conditions for the identification of arable land, different surface topography and soil characteristics.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are being increasingly used in agriculture, forestry, land surveying, and many other domains. The advantages of UAVs include relatively low cost, fast data acquisition, and high quality of aerial imagery. UAVs have also proven useful in permafrost applications, for example, in estimating thermokarst activity which is an indicator of permafrost response to global climate change. Here we report the application of UAVs at the monitoring sites in Central Yakutia to assess thermokarst disturbances in ice-rich permafrost terrain. The monitoring sites (Churapcha, Yukechi and Tabaga) are located on a high lacustrine- alluvial plain underlain by the Ice Complex. 3 Preliminary results indicate that total thermokarst disturbance of the Ice Complex is, on average, 3.4 ± 0.7 m / 2 3 2 m in lake-covered thaw depressions formed in the 1940-1960s and 2.0±0.6 m /m in recent depressions initiated in the mid-1980s. We also analyzed thermokarst disturbances during warmer periods of the Holocene when the alases of Central Yakutia were formed. Cartographic databases of initial thermokarst with high-centered polygons at monitoring sites have been created. Repeated surveys in these areas will provide information on thermokarst rates.

The harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic and adjacent territories, combined with the high vulnerability of natural ecosystems, require fundamentally new technical and technological solutions to create comfortable conditions for people to live. The study of climatic parameters is one of the most important stages of design and construction. The purpose of monitoring meteorological parameters in the area of the House under the Dome project is to study the effect on the temperature regime of a protective dome built above a residential building. A family participating in the experiment lives in the house. For meteorological monitoring, stationary meteorological observations were organized inside and outside the dome. The experiment uses two installations of automatic monitoring “SAM-MM”, developed in the Laboratory of Geoinformation Technologies, Institute for Monitoring of Climate and Ecological Systems (IMCES, Tomsk). Based on the results of the first stage of monitoring meteorological parameters in the area of the House under the Dome project, a significant difference n air temperature inside the dome in comparison with the outside air was revealed, which is mainly due to the arrival of total solar radiation and the difference in the albedo of the underlying surface. At the next stage, it is planned to carry out climatological processing of the obtained meteorological series to identify the microclimatic features of the project area.

Atmospheric electricity as a matter is a difference of potentials between the Earth and ionosphere reaching up to 300 Kv. The actuality of research of atmospheric electricity, partially using ground distributed measuring network is noted. Studying this phenomenon, such events as thunderstorms, atmospheric aerosol pollution, radioactive pollution of air can be investigated and seismic activity before the earthquakes can be predicted. All above features prove importance and relevance of developing distributed networks for measuring atmospheric electricity and also methods for optimization of such networks and systems. The questions on optimum construction of distributed systems for measuring atmospheric electricity are analyzed. The major element of distributed network is an operational amplifier with resistive-capacity elements in the feedback contour. The task on information optimization of ground network of atmospheric electric field is formulated and solved. It is noted that research of atmospheric electricity using ground distributed measuring network is a vital and relevant task. The task on variation optimization is composed for solution of which additional limitation condition is applied which characterized general limitation condition imposed on total inertia caused by resistive- capacity contour. Taking this limitation condition into consideration, the task of non-conditional optimization task is composed, the solution of which makes it possible to formulate recommendations to achieve high informativity of measurements. The solution of variation task of optimization shows that this solution provides for a minimum of target functional. On this basis, the heuristic recommendation is developed in line with the real optimum solution should maximally differ from derived solution. As a practical recommendation it is suggested to use function which is inversion of derived optimum function.

The paper is devoted to the development of methodics for calculation of trancmittance factor of atmospheric aerosol upon carrying out wide band pyranometric measurements. It is noted that uncertainty of results of measurements of surface radiation is researched in detail less than uncertainty of results of measurements of exterrestrial radiation. The major reasson for uncertainty of assessments of the earth surface r4adiation is the non- accutracy of accounting of atmospheric factors. The known methodics for calculation of atmospheric transmittance factor of solar radiation are analyzed. It is noted that accounting in this methodics only the aerosol scattering of optical radiation is true if the opticasl thickness of aerosol is less than 0.2. For complete accounting of atmospheric aerosol effect the known graphics of dependence of ratio of one-fold scattering radiation to global scattered radiation on aerosol optical depth a cosinuse of zenith angle are utilized. Comparison of known methgodics and said graphics make it possibleer to carry out more pricize accounting of aerosol factor in calculation of aerosol transmittance of solar radiation.

The article is devoted to the history of geothermal research in the world. The problems of the development of one of the most common renewable energy sources - the geothermal resource, whose reserves are 3 5 billion times higher than the annual global energy consumption, and the thermal energy of the earth’s crust to a depth of 10 km can provide an amount of energy that is 500 times higher than all world oil reserves and highlights gas. It is known that many natural thermal springs act continuously throughout the history of human society and even during geological time. If in ancient times, man was limited to collecting sources of natural coolants self- draining onto the earth’s surface without any change in the functioning conditions of natural hydrogeological systems, today mankind has stepped far forward in terms of the practical use of geothermal fluid in various sectors of the economy. By the beginning of 2005, the installed total capacity of Geo-TPPs in 24 countries amounted to 8 910.7 MW. Savings in HC raw materials annually amount to more than 46 million tons, respectively, emissions of 46.6 million tons of carbon and 148.2 million tons of CO2 are reduced. According to forecasts, in the coming decades the capacity of the Geo-TPP of the world can reach about 20 million kW, and electricity generation - 120 billion kW • h. The regions of Russia that are promising for this type of resource are examined in more detail (Kamchatka, North Caucasus, Crimea, etc.), where its use can resolve many contradictions in energy, social, and environmental safety.

The questions on evaluating the water quality in water basins characterized by multi-component pollution is considered. Assessments of total pollution formulated on the basis formulae of geometrical averaging are considered in detail. Two optimization tasks on calculation of integrated parameter of multi-component pollution of water basins using geometrical averaging are formulated and solved. In the optimization task, it is shown that the newly suggested parameter of pollution reaches the extreme value upon equity of concentrations of pollutants. In the second optimization task the function of interrelation between two pollutants concentration is introduced and the limitation condition is imposed upon this function. As a result of solving the optimization task, the optimum type of the function is obtained upon which the total pollution would reach the maximum value.