The article is devoted to the methodological analysis of the problem of geological hypotheses that constitute the main core of theoretical knowledge in Geology. The conditions for their nomination and the reasons for their multiplicity are considered. The idea is that most of the geological hypotheses are not alternative, but complementary, including the hypothesis of fixism and tectonics of lithospheric plates (TLP). Therefore, the condition for their synthesis is to accept one of them as the basis of synthesis, on the maincore of which all the positive elements of other hypotheses will be strung. It is shown that only the concept of TLP can claim the role of a synthesizing hypothesis at the present stage.

The paper is devoted to questions on adsorption of polychlorined biphenyls (PCB) in soil. Despite known prohibition ordered by international recommendation acts relating utilization of PCB in industry issued several years ago, due to their dielectrical properties, these materials are still used in some spheres of industrial production. The global cycle of PCB propagation consists of such processes as pollution of soil, water basins and atmosphere. The final products of these processes should themselves pass the remediation procedures, i.e. soil, water and air resources should be cleaned from PCB. The dual nature of the task related with remediation of land plots polluted with PCB is noted. In the first formulation, the task on achieving the high effectiveness of remediation of land plots contaminated by PCB is to be solved. The question is considered on developing technological procedures on solution of the above task concerning transfer of PCB to media of pollution. The known linear regression equation representing the dependence between sorption constant, area of sorption surface and total number of organic carbon is used. In the second formulation, the task on achievement of maximum effectiveness of adsorption of PCB by different components of soil is considered. The task on optimum choice of land plots where PCB is accumulated and optimization of industrial products containing PCBis done. The application of the linear programming method makes it possible to determine the optimum value of such parameters of soil components as total amount of organic compounds and area of contacting surface upon given values of sorption coefficients. The practical example of utilization of suggested optimization procedure is given. The obtained optimum values of searched parameters make it possible to carry out selection of soil type most appropriate for related cleaning industries.

It is well known that the structural components of soil significantly effect on the Earth reflection property and highly predefine the optical-physical characteristics of bare part of continents upon remote sensing of the Earth. Besides, the structural composition of soil particles affects the erosion characteristics of soil and is closely correlated with soils carbon content and predetermins the soil layer texture. During the held researche, the known regression interrelation between amount of organic compounds and soil silt and clay content was used. The similar interrelation between amount of organic compounds and the soil sand content was used. The importance and significance of structural parameter for research of physical-chemical properties of soil in zones of agricultural activity is noted. The comparative characteristics of spectral methods for remote determination of soil structural composition is given. The possibility for utilization of hyper-spectral methods of remote sensing for determining soil structural composition is of high importance. Hyper-spectral methods for determining soil structural composition are developed using related hardware installed at the board of aerial vehicles. The modified method for hyper-spectral analysis of soil structure is suggested. It is shown that the known hyper-spectral method for determining soil structural composition upon non-accounting ofatmospheric aerosol effect factually become non-operational. As a result, modification of this method is highly required. Realization of suggested modified method for hyper-spectral determination of soil structural composition make it possible to remove the aerosol error of the known method which approximately equals to 12 %.

An increased level of illness stress on plants leads to a changed color of their leaves and therefore, there appears some uncertainty in the result of remote diagnostics of vegetation condition. Because of that, the spectral indices utilized in practice were composed mainly at the basis of spectral narrow band measurements held in the red edge zone. The article reviews the issue of accounting the effect of atmospheric aerosol when validating the results of remotely sensing of plant stress severity. The aim of the paper was to modify the known rule of validation by increasing noise immunity of this operation. The effect of aerosol contamination of on earth atmosphere on results of validation procedures is considered. The validation of results of remote sensing of plant stress severity is usually done by carrying out ground checking up using portable spectroradiometers. Measurements of reflection spectrums of typical vegetation, infected or stressed in different levels are carried out. We analyzed the effect of atmospheric aerosol on the result of a carried out validation in relation to the known direct and suggested intersect spectral coefficientsm physically determining the dynamic band of the ratio of used spectral reflection signals in he NIR and RED bands. The comparison of the atmospheric aerosol effect on the possibility of carrying out remote sensing of plant stress severity shows that upon utilization of the suggested intersect spectral coefficientsm, the validation of results of remote sensing of plant stress severity can be carried out at a greater amount of aerosol noise signal than upon utilization of the known direct spectral ratio coefficients.

This article deals with extracurricular activities as an effective means of developing environmental competense of students, gives an example of the organization of work on environmental education of schoolchildren. Enviromental education is the education of environmental awareness. Formation of ecological worldview is one of the goals of pedagogy. Ecological consciousness determines the moral and legal principles of nature management, a system of values, appropriate behavior, attitude to nature, man, society, needs and habits. The practical part provides an analysis of the increase in the level of environmental literacy of students. The annual comprehensive filed trip of the students of the Verkhnevilyuisk boarding school provides knowledge, abilities and skills in working with projects of different scientific directions. The ability to observe and analyze processes in nature helps geography students gain experience in field research. The object of the students’ research work are the glaciers of the Muus Appa area of Verkhnevilyuisky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Schoolchildren collected material on water analysis. Participating in a comprehensive field trip, children gain the necessary knowledge on ecology and acquire skills of scientific analysis of natural phenomena, write projects, participate in various competitions, research and practice conferences.

The article analyzes the implementation of Federal Law No. 119 of May 1, 2016 “On the specifics of providing citizens with land plots that are in State or municipal ownership and located in the territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Far Eastern Federal District” in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). This law has restrictions on the choice of lands and does not apply to lands within settlements, territories of traditional nature use, specially protected natural territories, subsurface areas withdrawn from circulation or restricted in circulation, reserved for state and municipal needs, and to land plots for which the rights of third parties are registered. The purpose of the article is a spatial GIS-analysis of the processes of giving 1-hectare plots to citizens within the framework of the implementation of the law on the Far Eastern hectare in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The geoinformation system “Implementation of the law on the Far Eastern hectare in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)” was developed and created. The analysis revealed that 905,200 square kilometers of the land in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) can be ppotentially given out to citizens under the law on the Far Eastern hectare, which makes 2 9 % of the total area of the republic. Most of the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) - 2,178,300 square kilometers - falls under the category of lands that cannot be given as 1 hectare by law; such territories make up 1 % of the total area of the republic. The largest area excluded from the implementation of the law is made by 7 the territories of traditional nature use - 60 %, specially protected natural territories - 27 %, land for mineral development -10 % and 3 % of the total area is occupied by the territories of settlements that are administrative centers of municipalities, within the boundaries of which lands cannot be provided for free use. We considered two districts in Southern Yakutia where Evenks, an indigenous small-numbered people of the North (KMNS), live - Neryungrinsky and Olyokminsky. The GIS-project made it possible to conduct a spatial analysis of the implementation of the law on the Far Eastern hectare in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), which can serve as an information base for subsequent academic research, analysis and evaluation of the current state of land allocation in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).