Studies of anatectic migmatites and experimental results showed that melts could not be separated from the partially molten mantle rocks to produce magmas. Compositions of the rocks of the Early Precambrian crystalline complexes and mantle xenoliths from kimberlites exhibit global magma fractionation trends. Isotope ages and crystallization temperatures of the rocks decrease in accordance with the sequence of their formation at fractionation. This all implies that the crystalline crust and the mantle were formed by fractionation of the global magma ocean. The evidence that the mantle rocks are not chemically in equilibrium with metal Fe suggests that the core formed before the silicate mantle under the effect of magnetic forces. In the silicate magma ocean, which resulted from impact melting, there occurred processes of compressional crystallization and bottom fractionation. Due to a relatively low pressure in the incipient magma ocean, the early residual melts varied in composition from granites to tholeiites depending on the degree of crystallization. This provided a very early formation of the matter of the acid crystalline crust. An increase in temperature in course of accretion due to the growing size of particles in the protoplanet disk led to a higher temperature in the upper mantle as compared with the lower one. This may explain why the lower mantle plumes did not rise in the Early Precambrian and why magmas in ancient platforms were mainly formed from the residual melts of compositionally different layers of the magma ocean. In the Phanerozoic, the lower mantle became higher in temperature than the upper one due to heating by the initially hotter core. As a consequence, the lower mantle plumes and oceanic regions were formed. In the rising plumes, decompression remelting of eclogite bodies produced large volumes of tholeiitic magmas of traps and oceanic areas. Friction remelting of continental lithosphere produced subduction and collision magmas.

Khanninsky site is located within Dyakhtarsky ore placer zone and represents a cone of kimberlite minerals carried out from Nyurbinskaya pipe.The purpose of our work was to create 3D models of productive thicknesses of Khanninsky site with GGIS Micromine, calculation of expected resources and comparison of the obtained data with the resources estimated manually.Modeling of frameworks of suites on this area is carried in GGIS Micromine by three ways: manual, modeling of a stratigraphy of the layer and conditional modeling of a sole and roof of suites with the use of RBF. The most reliable and exact frameworks of productive suites were received by modeling of the stratigraphy of the layer.Key parameters of assessment of expected resources are as follows: area, depth of the forecast and maintenance of useful components. The productive layer on the site is localized in deposits of Dyakhtarsky and Ukugutsky suites. For assessment of the resources, we assumed the average content of diamonds, taking into account the volume weight, as 0.61 carats/m3, the land area - 11.605 km2, the layer thickness - 3.99 m.The assessment of forecast resources was carried out by three ways: 1) using the placer contour in the plan, with a constant thickness of 3.99 m, the forecast resources made 28,467.97 thousand carats; 2) using the framework of productive thickness, whose sole was constructed by modelling the layer stratigraphy and duplicated at the mean thickness value of 3.99 m, P1 resources made 25,604.81 thousand carats; 3) using the framework taking into account geometry of the productive layer delineated on cuts according to approbation, forecast resources made 44,596.61 thousand carats, which gives an increase in resources of 16,120 thousand carats compared to the manual calculation.

The Anabar shield is a poorly studied outcrop of the Precambrian crystalline basement of the North Asian craton. Despite the fact that the formation of the ancient core of the continents usually involves intensive and diverse processes that lead to the formation of a large number of unique and large deposits of ore minerals, until recently, there hardly were data on the gold content of the rocks of the Anabar shield, especially in the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The article presents and discusses the results of studies of the chemical and mineral composition of rocks with high contents of gold and silver located in the Eastern part of the Anabar shield. It was discovered that metasomatic changes in rocks with a high gold content are represented by the replacement of minerals with potassium feldspar, quartz, and sericite. Metasomatic changes in rocks with a high silver content are represented by the replacement of minerals with chlorite, epidote, carbonate, potassium feldspar and albite. The mineral composition of gold-bearing rocks is compared with the porphyry type of deposits. A comparison of the results of the chemical and atomic-emission analysis, electron microprobe studies was made. Geochemical and mineralogical tendencies of distribution of gold and silver in rocks were identified and characterized. Conclusions about metasomatic zoning and minerals-indicators of gold mineralization were made.

The article considers new data on phlogopite macrocrystals from Yubileinaya pipe, Daldyno-Alakit kimberlite field,Yakutian diamondiferous province. The area belongs toTyungskoe granulite-orthogneisses terrane of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic age. The article provides the evidence of validity for the selection of multiple genetic groups according to morphological and chemical characteristics, as well as recruitment and composition of mineral inclusions. In comparison with the previous studies by the author, when it was revealed that they could belong to four varieties of mantle rocks, this study identified a new group of phlogopite macrocrystals, a distinctive feature of which is the increased titanicity (TiO > 4 wt. %), reduced variable magnesia (Mg# 54,8-82,6) and low 2 chromaticity (Cr O < 0,3 wt. %). Crystal inclusions of such minerals as chromium- and ferrishpinel, ilmenite and picroilmenite, rutile, zircon, intergrowths with garnet, which are typical for mica of other groups, were not diagnosed in the grains of this group. It is established that for the majority of phlogopites of this group, typical is the increased amount of Cl reaching 1,05 wt. %, while the remaining phlogopite macrocrystals showed the alues not exceeding 0.113 wt. %. Such high Cl contents are not typical of phlogopites from kimberlites. Phlogopites of similar composition were noted as inclusions in diamonds of eclogite paragenesis, also occurring in eclogite xenoliths and MARIDs. The presence of phlogopite of similar composition in eclogites does not contradict experimental data on eclogites melting. In the composition of phlogopite macrocrystals, similar to inclusions in diamonds of eclogite paragenesis, as well as in the latter, there is a negative correlation between the content of TiO and Mg#.

The article gives a brief description of the materials of the remote sensing of the Earth’s surface, obtained by using spacecraft, which are successfully used to solve problems of metallogeny. A brief description of modern methods of remote sensing of the earth’s surface and equipment is given. A review of modern methods of remote sensing of the Earth’s surface by aero- and space-based methods used in metallogenic studies is made. Their advantages and disadvantages are indicated. The analysis of the effectiveness of their use for solving problems of metallogeny in Russia and foreign countries. The description of technologies for the extraction of ore-bearing objects on the surface and shallow depths of the Earth according to the results of the interpretation of space photographs is given. The issues of identifying and deciphering forms of structural control of mineralization are considered using different-scale space information. The advantages of a systematic evaluation of promising areas for the detection of mineral resources are shown, based on a comprehensive analysis of materials currently available to geologists. Examples are given on the interpretation of aerial photographs of medium scale and satellite images, the results of geological ore formations of different genesis, the possibility of interpreting space photographs to clarify the boundaries of metallogenic structures, the nature of the manifestation of deposits in mineralization and the laws of their localization. It was concluded that the further development of this direction and the improvement of metallogenic maps are impossible without attracting new methods and types of information, one of which is satellite imagery of the Earth’s surface.

The relevance of the problem under investigation is that the results of analysis of the content and design of electronic tourist maps have practical significance in the further development and updating of such maps. The purpose of the research was to study the current state of electronic mapping in Russian tourism. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: on the basis of these requests on the Internet, to identify the most popular interactive electronic tourist maps; describe the selected maps by the following features: geographical location and territorial coverage; the source and design of the base layers; design of thematic layers and classification of tourist objects and tourist infrastructure; use of dialogue and interactive elements; application of multiscale. The study analyzed electronic tourist maps of the following Russian regions: Rostov, Leningrad, Vladimir, Arkhangelsk Oblasts and the Republic of Bashkortostan; cities - Krasnodar and Kostroma; physical-geographical areas - Altai and Southern Prionezh’ie. The examples given have a wide geography, covering the European and Asian parts of Russia. As a result of a comparative analysis of electronic tourist maps, we note the general features in the design and content: the use of object category layers with customizable visualization; the use of multi-scale mapping, the use of simple forms of color conventional symbols. In all cases, pop-up windows are built into the map, from simple ones with the name of the object to complex ones, with built-in hyperlinks to the addresses of HTML pages and sites where photos and descriptions of objects are placed. In most cases, the base layers are combined with the Yandex.Maps service, which makes it possible to select a substrate: a scheme, satellite, hybrid. Prospects for further research in the framework of the topic are associated with the development of the tourism industry, which necessitates updating electronic map data, including the design and interactivity properties.

For the purpose of monitoring the state of forest ecosystems, remote sensing methods are the most efficient. One can track the dynamics of processes in time using the time series of satellite images. The multispectral satellite images Landsat and DigitalGlobe of Olyokminsky State Nature Reserve show the relationship between the indicators of forest cover index and thematic pixel difference. Initially, an uncontrolled classification of images and their fragments was carried out using the ISODATA (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technigue) method. Then, the thematic difference of the classification results for classes 2, 4, 6 was calculated. A comparison of forest areas with the dominance of different species (pine forests and larch forests) in terms of the forest cover index and thematic pixel difference was made. With similar values of forest cover index, pine-dominated massifs were characterized by a large variation of the differences between 1,4 and 2,3 rows of thematic difference, whereas the scatter was minimal for arrays with dominance of larch. The outlook for the use of cluster analysis of multi-temporal satellite imagery in assessing the process of reforestation after a fire was noted. The regularities of the change in the thematic difference of pixels with an increase in the forest index as forest regeneration were established. The more intensively the process of burning overgrowth occurs, the sharper increase in the forest cover index and the difference between classes 1 and 2. Negative values of the difference between 1 and 2 class corresponded to the values of forest index less than 0.5. All positive values of the difference between classes 1 and 2 of the thematic difference were noted with values of the forest cover index greater than 0.5. In assessing the seasonal course of the growing season, the NDVI index was determined, which allows calculating the annual productivity of different types of boreal forests. Vegetation curves were constructed for the main types of forest ecosystems.

The article describes the main results of a new methodological analysis system, structuring and integration of ecological and geographical information into a single multi-faceted and multi-level problem-oriented cartographic information system using the case of Baikal region, which is incorporated into the structure of specially created geoportals. A special feature of the concept is the use of a systematic approach to creating cartographic models of the macroregional, regional, municipal and local levels as a set of interrelated works, ensuring effective processing, interpretation, analysis and synthesis of various natural, socio-economic and environmental information to substantiate the environmentally sustainable development of territories. The natural, socio-economic and environmental potentials of the territories, the possibilities of modern and future use of environmental resources and their protection in the developed CIS can be presented in such a way that they can be involved in the development of economic, environmental and social innovation projects and activities

Any human economic activity is unthinkable without water. For the domestic water supply and process water supply for the livestock complex of CJSC «Mordovskij bekon», work was carried out to assess the groundwater reserves. The follwong works completed: collection and analysis of stock materials; comprehensive hydrogeological survey of the water intake of JSC «Mordovskij bekon» and the surrounding areas; survey of water intakes of other subsoil users; testing for groundwaters inflow; hydrochemical testing; laboratory tests of water samples; study and analysis of operating experience of water intakes; office processing of materials; creation of relevant geoinformation-cartographic materials and preparation of a report with an assessment of groundwater reserves. The water conductivity was calculated by Jacob’s graph-analytical method, by specific debit, empirical formulas of Greenbaum and Dupuis, based on the results of experimental pumping. For calculation of reserves, the average value of water conductivity was taken, obtained on the basis of using different methods and literature data. The reserves were estimated using a combination of methods: hydraulic (conducting a pilot pumping and analyzing the operating experience of the water intake) and hydrodynamic (determining the decrease in the well at the end of the estimated service life (25 years) while it is constantly working with performance in the volume of the stated water demand). The forecast decrease (0.86 m) was less than the allowable value (155.34 m), therefore, 3 3 the reserves in the amount of 122.65 m /day. (44.8 thousand m /year) provided for the entire estimated life of the water intake. The radius of the zone of formation of stocks is 0.628 km. According to the degree of study, the reserves were rated as category B, and the subsoil area was rated as explored. According to the complexity of the geological structure and hydrogeological, ecological, water management and other conditions, the subsurface site was assigned to Group I. If possible, the use of a given target destination was recommended to attribute reserves to the balance. The deposit was recommended for further industrial exploitation.

Alaases are prominent representatives of cryogenic landforms, reflecting the history of the study area. They are the main feed for livestock in Central Yakutia. The purpose of the work was to identify the distribution pattern of alaas formations in the territory of Ust-Aldansky District and to make a spatial analysis of their distribution. In the study area, 4,401 alaases were digitized and spatial geographical analysis was carried out using GIS technologies. The results of the spatial analysis were reflected in the form of the Map of the distribution of alaases and bulgunnyakhs in Ust-Aldansky District, the Map of the distribution of alaases by administrative units, and the Map of the density of distribution of alaases and bulgunnyakhs. The quantitative characteristic of alases was given. It was revealed that the greatest alaas coefficient was in the Muryunsky administrative unit, which is almost entirely located on the territory of the largest alaas Myuryu with an area of 58 square kilometres. Covering 87 % of the total area of its territory, most alaases in Ust-Aldansky District, are oriented to the north-west. The alaases, directed to the north, occupy only 2 % of the total area of the territory under consideration. When analyzing the distribution of alaases by administrative units, it turned out that they are concentrated in the Myuryunsky, Ospekhsky 1st and Khorinsky administrative units (74 %, 27 %, and 24.6 % of the total territory, respectively). The least (0.01 % and 0.75 %) concentration of alaases was found in Tyuliakh and Cheriktey administrative units, respectively. The analysis of the distribution density of alaases and bulgunnyakhs revealed that the most dense distribution of alaases is observed in Borogonsky and Legoysky administrative units. In Tyuliakh administrative unit, alaases are scarse. It is characteristic that most often bulgunnyakhs are found throughout the terrace in Borogonsky, Oltekhsky and Batagai administrative units.

The socio-economic development of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) depends on the development of infrastructure, primarily the functioning of the transport system. The development of the republic’s transport shows a link to certain natural features of the territory and the mining industry. Low transport accessibility, underdeveloped road network are a factor hampering the development of the republic. The condition of the airports serving the local airlines is in poor condition and needs to be reconstructed. The existing cargo transportation system is not efficient and year-round; moreover, it restrains the social and economic development of the republic. For the economic development of the republic, the search for new services and goods, new markets, taking into account the development of the global economy, is necessary. Weak integration and interaction of certain modes of transport when performing freight traffic on the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) impedes the development of interregional transport corridors. It is also necessary to take into account the development of the global economy, in particular, the Asia-Pacific region, with their increasing competition at the global level. To enhance the competitiveness of the republic, it is important to improve the existing transport corridors and their development into international corridors. Priority directions for the development of the transport system of the republic were identified. For planning the spatial development of the transport infrastructure, a transition from linearly-radial to the network structure of spatial development is needed to ensure balanced and sustainable development.