The features of seasonal periodic changes of apparent resistivity of the permafrost soil mass were examined basing on field measurements of the surface impedance in the 100-1000 kHz frequency range. The experiments were done at the permanent study plot of the Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB RAS in the area of the city of Yakutsk in 2006-2012. The conformity of characteristic changes of soil temperature and apparent resistivity to the certain periods of time is given. The apparent resistivity of the permafrost soil mass is shown to conform to the degree of soil freezing. The results of the analysis of experimental data of supervision of changes of geoelectrical parameters under influence of the climatic factors are given. The influence of the climatic factors was estimated by the temperature of the air and soils, thickness of snow cover and quantity of rain deposits in the certain periods of time. It is shown that the seasonal changes of the apparent resistivity by asymptotical meanings reflect, accordingly, four degrees of freezing grounds: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The levels of apparent resistivity of grounds, appropriate to their established degrees of freezing in the spring, summer and autumn, differ approximately twice. The value of apparent resistivity of the frozen soil mass depends on a degree of ground freezing during the pre-measurement period of cooling or thawing. The seasonal changes of apparent resistivity were within the limits of one order, and for electromagnetic and cross resistance they achieved two orders of the value. The degree of frozen ground freezing depends not only on the solar radiation and the temperature of air, but also on the thickness of the snow cover at a stage of cooling and the amount of rain at a thawing stage. For monitoring the active layer, more acceptable parameters are its cross resistivity or longitudinal conductivity received by interpretation of the radioimpedance or RМТ soundings data.

The cryogenic landscapes and conditions of sites with activization of cryogenic processes in the lower basin area of the Lena River were research from July 20 to August 11, 2017 within the initiative grant project of the Russian Geographical Society "The floating university on the Lena River". During implementation of the forwarding program of the Floating university on the Lena River have been met and three fresh exposures with the wedge ice are for the first time surveyed: in the delta of Lena on the island of Samoylovsky, on sites of terraces of Lena around the Govorovsky rift and near the mouth of the creek Semekit, its right inflow. Cryogenic textures of the containing deposits and contacts of veins testify to their syngenesis. Characteristic of all ice bodies its wedge-shaped form and an existence of elementary veins allowing to carry them to the wedge ice. The wedge having several sprouts met. In general the deposits of ice complex on Semekit and Govorovo sites opened in 2017 are the proof of their existence also on other sites of distribution of lake-and-alluvial and lake-and-marsh deposits. Increase of permafrost temperature is noted near Zhigansk in comparison with its values characteristic of Northern taiga landscapes in the second half of the XX century. At the same time in 2017 her decrease concerning values of previous year was observed. Data on landscape differentiation of seasonal thawing layer which can be used as a reference point when monitoring his dynamics are obtained. Conditions for action of thermokarst process and wedge ice destroying are very favorable on all basin of the Lena River from Yakutsk to its delta.

The article is dedicated to the scientific activity of the academician OF A.D. Arkhangel'sk. Are cited brief biographical data, is noted its contribution in the development of the stratigraphy of the chalky and tertiary deposits of the different regions of Russia and neighbor Zarubezhya, comparative lithology and the study of Quaternary period. Is described the essence of the Comparative lithologic method, developed by A.D. Arkhangel'sk together with the academician N.M. Insurance and based on the principles of actualism and evolution of steeling-accumulation. In the article the basic questions, developed by Andrey Dmitrievich in the region of quaternary geology of the different regions - of Volga Region, Black Sea basin, some regions of Central Asia, center section of the European territory of the former USSR, are enumerated. Is noted the fact of short-term stay A.D. Arkhangel'sk in the clear clearing, in the family L.N. Tolstoy.

The article, the object of research are the permafrost landscapes. The aim of the work is to create GIS-models of the modern frost-landscape based on the permafrost-landscape map of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in 2017 at a scale of 1: 1,500,000. To achieve this goal, the method of GIS modeling of the geocryological conditions of the Sakha Republic was used (Yakutia). As a result of the study, using digital attribute tables, digital thematic maps of the current state of the frozen landscapes of Yakutia were made - soil temperature, depth of the active layer, ice content of sediments, depth of re-vein ice on the ice complex, thickness of the protective layer and distribution of cryogenic processes. A quantitative analysis of the laws of their spatial distribution was carried out. The article uses the results of work carried out by employees of the Institute of Permafrost. P.I. Melnikov SB RAS in 2018. Currently, the above digital thematic maps are proposed to be used as basic characteristics for calculating the critical norms for the development of permafrost landscapes when developing normative acts to the Law on the Protection of Permafrost in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of 05.22.2018. They can also be used to develop strategic planning of individual regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) until 2032 and 2050.

At the border of two centuries, as a result of the liquidation of collective farms and state farms, some of the agricultural lands were unclaimed. According to some data, the area of such lands in the Russian Federation totals to about 40 million hectares. Their present state is represented by a multitude of types of landscape complexes located at different stages of self-regulation. These are as follows: forestry from deciduous-coniferous species arising as a result of self-sowing; weeds of high-growth ruderal associations consisting of thistles and hogweed; waterlogged meadows on flood plains; petrophytic tracts on the slopes; complexes with potholes and even with fresh ravines. In the plains in the western part of the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the process of self-regulation depends on the location of specific complexes in the scheme of physico-geographical and soil zoning taking into account climatic and meteorological conditions. Differences in dynamics are observed in the transition from the northern forest-steppe to the steppes, from the elevations to the plains, the redistribution of the amount of precipitation depending on the barrier effect of the ridges of the South Urals and the air masses coming to these territories from Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Field studies show that the current dynamics of these landscape complexes is represented mainly by the process of self-regulation and partial transformation. The process of self-healing is almost not expressed, this is evidenced by differences in the state of the soil cover, represented by density, structure, humus content and even sod formation. The results of the researches will be used to solve the problem of how to reintroduce them into the agricultural using. In addition, they can become the basis for introducing changes in the zoning scheme.

Volcanic eruptions are a reflection of the geological processes occurring in the deep zones of the planet. The ability to prevent and control these processes to humanity in the near future does not look realistic. Therefore, the most effective means to prevent catastrophic consequences in the areas of active volcanism, today is to predict the possible directions and extent of eruptions. At the same time, systematic monitoring of volcanic activity is an indispensable condition for the rational and safe economic development of areas of high volcanic danger. The purpose of the work is the implementation of a geographic information system to provide monitoring of volcanic activity with the aim of cartographic assessment of the current situation and forecasting. Research objectives include: database design, data collection and systematization of information about the object of research, design, geodatabase and its testing in the GIS project, the creation of geo-portal "Volcanoes of the Kuril Islands." The methods used in the study interpretation of remote sensing data; route field observations on the reference test sites; method of landscape analysis; cartometrics research based on geoinformation technologies. Field studies were carried out on the islands of Iturup (Baransky and Atsonupuri volcanoes) and Paramushir (Ebeko volcano) and included geological routes, subsatellite observations on reference test sites. As the ERS materials used satellite images with apparatus of Landsat and Sentinel taken from public sources. Realisedgeo-information system allows to provide monitoring of volcanic activity with source data, accumulate materials studying the structure of volcanic structures and assessing volcanic danger, as well as in the study of spectral-brightness characteristics reflecting different density of ash clouds above landscapes. Perspectives of the research are connected with the further improvement of the database structure, its information saturation, the implementation of the geoportal and the organization of systematic observations.

Geographic information technology makes it easy to manipulate spatial data. Built-in functionality allows you to process a variety of information about the state of the environment components, including aerospace images, based by analysis of which is determined by nature and direction of the changes. Performing complex mathematical operations with images obtained from different satellite channels makes it possible to identify changes that occur with vegetation cover. Often vegetation indices are determined from the ratio of red and near infrared channels. The most common indices do not work correctly in dificalt environmental conditions, when processing data on highly dissected terrain. The choice of acceptable index is based by detailed studies of plant communities in particular area. In the process, we studied the correlation between the spectral characteristics of vegetation cover in different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum of the vectorized images. Satellite images from Terra and Aqua satellites (36-channel MODIS system) were used for the analysis. The data was processed in the ArcGIS. There is revealed that in all four subzones of the taiga forests of Sakhalin in recent decades there have been significant changes. The article shows how much the wooded lands of Northern Sakhalin have decreased. In the period from 1998 to 2018, large-scale fires in the Northern areas of the island led to a significant transformation of forest vegetation. The largest forest fires occurred in 1989, 1998 and 2004. In the present (2019) 18% of the total area of the territory is Gary, among them the land covered with young forest is of 2.24%.

The analysis of the structural and functional features of natural landscapes, as well as the analysis of their anthropogenic transformation, continue to be relevant tasks of modern geography. On the example of the object of study - the central part of the Volga river delta - the main directions of the research are shown. The first issue raised in the article is the analysis of factors determining the natural territorial complexes, namely: soil, relief, vegetation, lithogenic basis. Then, the main criteria for modeling natural geosystems, namely step-by-step algorithms for obtaining and overlaying individual parameters, which, against expert evaluations of the result, allow to isolate optimal sets sufficient to visualize the spatial location of natural territorial complexes are considered. A brief of mathematical formulas for determining the degree of anthropogenic transformation of geosystems based on the analysis of the works of Russian-speaking and foreign authors is presented. Methods for calculating the degree of anthropogenic transformation of territories are briefly described. The main focus is on the demonstration of the geographic information method and the method of remote observation. The basic data of Earth remote sensing, used to study the characteristics of anthropogenic transformations of the central part of the Volga river delta, are described, namely: optical and SAR data from the Landsat 8, Sentinel 2, Sentinel 1. Some materials of the remote sensing data are presented on the example of areas analysis land development, water object analysis based on water indices. The materials obtained provide a basis for further research in identifying the degree of anthropogenic influence on natural natural territorial complexes; they are an informative source for applied research in various fields.

This article presents the results of the combined comparative analysis of topographic maps and satellite images on the territory of one of the regional centers of the Republic of Mordovia - Insar, and its immediate surroundings. Fragments of topographic maps and satellite images of the study area were obtained using the capabilities of the navigation program SAS.Planet. For comparative analysis we used satellite images of the Internet service Yandex different scale levels and spatial resolution, as well as topographic map scale 1:25 000, which is represented by the service of the state Center. The subject of detailed research was the hydrographic network. The study identified, recorded and characterized the discrepancies and inaccuracies of its geoimages found when comparing remote sensing data and a fragment of a topographic map, and relating to both the General condition and the appearance and disappearance of individual elements (dynamics of configuration, linear dimensions - length and area, the position of the coastline, the appearance or drying up of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, their overgrowing with vegetation, changing the regime and features of economic use of water areas and adjacent territories, etc.).p.). All identified discrepancies and inaccuracies of the geoimages of the hydrographic network and its individual elements are presented in the figures and their interpretation is given. According to the results of the comparative analysis of the topographic map and satellite images on the territory of Insar and its surroundings, it can be concluded that the topographic map used is currently irrelevant, because it contains a significant number of errors and inaccuracies. For its further updating it is necessary to eliminate these inaccuracies by updating the topographic map (to make a topographic survey of the area, to decipher remote sensing data). In addition, the features of the spatial and temporal dynamics of aquatic geosystems of the study area are identified, which must be taken into account and used in the process of formation and management decisions in order to rationalize regional environmental management, as well as the organization and practical implementation of aerospace monitoring of territorial systems.

The impact of anthropogenic factors on the climate change is one of the urgent scientic tasks of the last two decades. The Kyoto (December 1997) and Paris (December 2015) protocols, ratied by the governments of many countries, are the basis for the further development of national low-carbon economy concepts. The main component of anthropogenic emissions are greenhouse gases emitted by fossil fuels burning for the energy generation. Greenhouse gases emissions depend on the structure of production, gross domestic (regional) product and fuel prices, as well as on the use of new technologies. At the end of the 20th century, there was a hypothesis about the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve, according to which economic growth initially stimulates an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, and after reaching the threshold value of GDP (or GRP) ensures its reduction. Russia has overcome this threshold ($ 15-22 thousand per capita), but as a number of studies show, the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions are signicantly differentiated by industries and accordingly by Russian regions pursuant to the allocation of productive forces. Climatic factors also contribute to the level of emissions. Thus, the sectoral and territorial detailization on the emissions is very relevant for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) which is the largest region of the Russian Federation, where the harsh climate determines a higher amount of fuel consumption and, respectively, carbon emissions.